The property of the received reward in this environment isset tobecollaborative. For each agent, we first sample rewardsˆri from estimated reward distributionsDi. NetworkArchitecture. Thedecentralized actors anddistributional rewardestimation networks adopt the simple fully-connected feedforward neural network with three layers in our framework. The two hidden layers' units are 64. The centralized critic uses a graph attention neural network with eight attention heads, and each head'shidden unit isset to8tocapture the dynamic relationship between agents.

As soon as Echo Park Eats opened on the corner of Sunset Boulevard and Douglas Street in the fall of 2023, Sandy Romero said her neighborhood became overrun with delivery drivers. "The first day that they opened business it was chaotic, unorganized and it's just such a nuisance now," she said. Echo Park Eats is a ghost kitchen, a meal preparation hub for app-based delivery orders. It rents its kitchens to 26 different food vendors. The facility is part of CloudKitchens, led by Travis Kalanick, co-founder of Uber Technologies, which has kitchen locations across the nation including 11 in Los Angeles County.

Creativity involves not only generating new ideas from scratch but also redefining existing concepts and synthesizing previous insights. Among various techniques developed to foster creative thinking, brainstorming is widely used. With recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), tools like ChatGPT have significantly impacted various fields by using prompts to facilitate complex tasks. While current research primarily focuses on generating accurate responses, there is a need to explore how prompt engineering can enhance creativity, particularly in brainstorming. Therefore, this study addresses this gap by proposing a framework called GPS, which employs goals, prompts, and strategies to guide designers to systematically work with an LLM tool for improving the creativity of ideas generated during brainstorming. Additionally, we adapted the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) for measuring the creativity of the ideas generated by AI. Our framework, tested through a design example and a case study, demonstrates its effectiveness in stimulating creativity and its seamless LLM tool integration into design practices. The results indicate that our framework can benefit brainstorming sessions with LLM tools, enhancing both the creativity and usefulness of generated ideas.

Language models (LMs) have exhibited impressive abilities in generating codes from natural language requirements. In this work, we highlight the diversity of code generated by LMs as a critical criterion for evaluating their code generation capabilities, in addition to functional correctness. Despite its practical implications, there is a lack of studies focused on assessing the diversity of generated code, which overlooks its importance in the development of code LMs. We propose a systematic approach to evaluate the diversity of generated code, utilizing various metrics for inter-code similarity as well as functional correctness. Specifically, we introduce a pairwise code similarity measure that leverages large LMs' capabilities in code understanding and reasoning, demonstrating the highest correlation with human judgment. We extensively investigate the impact of various factors on the quality of generated code, including model sizes, temperatures, training approaches, prompting strategies, and the difficulty of input problems. Our consistent observation of a positive correlation between the test pass score and the inter-code similarity score indicates that current LMs tend to produce functionally correct code with limited diversity.

Code generation problems differ from common natural language problems - they require matching the exact syntax of the target language, identifying happy paths and edge cases, paying attention to numerous small details in the problem spec, and addressing other code-specific issues and requirements. Hence, many of the optimizations and tricks that have been successful in natural language generation may not be effective for code tasks. In this work, we propose a new approach to code generation by LLMs, which we call AlphaCodium - a test-based, multi-stage, code-oriented iterative flow, that improves the performances of LLMs on code problems. We tested AlphaCodium on a challenging code generation dataset called CodeContests, which includes competitive programming problems from platforms such as Codeforces. The proposed flow consistently and significantly improves results. On the validation set, for example, GPT-4 accuracy (pass@5) increased from 19% with a single well-designed direct prompt to 44% with the AlphaCodium flow. Many of the principles and best practices acquired in this work, we believe, are broadly applicable to general code generation tasks. Full implementation is available at: https://github.com/Codium-ai/AlphaCodium

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An ICTP Virtual Meeting From helping farmers adapt to climate change to predicting disease outbreaks, scientists in developing countries have begun turning to ML for more effective solutions. With this potential, however, comes the possibility for abuse, misuse, and unintended consequences. Embedding Ethics Education in Machine Learning: case studies from various parts of the world that demonstrate the need for a wider perspective on ML ethical challenges. Big data, privacy and democracy: ethical questions linked with big data exploitation, privacy and the dangers for democracy. Machine Learning, bias and fairness: problems of ML amplified bias, and some of the possible solutions.

Inverse design, the process of matching a device or process parameters to exhibit a desired performance, is applied in many disciplines ranging from material design over chemical processes and to engineering. Machine learning has emerged as a promising approach to overcome current limitations imposed by the dimensionality of the parameter space and multimodal parameter distributions. Most traditional optimization routines assume an invertible one-to-one mapping between the design parameters and the target performance. However, comparable or even identical performance may be realized by different designs, yielding a multimodal distribution of possible solutions to the inverse design problem which confuses the optimization algorithm. Here, we show how a generative modeling approach based on invertible neural networks can provide the full distribution of possible solutions to the inverse design problem and resolve the ambiguity of nanodevice inverse design problems featuring multimodal distributions. We implement a Conditional Invertible Neural Network (cINN) and apply it to a proof-of-principle nanophotonic problem, consisting in tailoring the transmission spectrum of a metallic film milled by subwavelength indentations. We compare our approach with the commonly used conditional Variational Autoencoder (cVAE) framework and show the superior flexibility and accuracy of the proposed cINNs when dealing with multimodal device distributions. Our work shows that invertible neural networks provide a valuable and versatile toolkit for advancing inverse design in nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) have gained rapid momentum over the past decade with applications spanning from environmental monitoring and exploration, defence applications, etc. The traditional IoUT systems use machine learning (ML) approaches which cater the needs of reliability, efficiency and timeliness. However, an extensive review of the various studies conducted highlight the significance of data privacy and security in IoUT frameworks as a predominant factor in achieving desired outcomes in mission critical applications. Federated learning (FL) is a secured, decentralized framework which is a recent development in machine learning, that will help in fulfilling the challenges faced by conventional ML approaches in IoUT. This paper presents an overview of the various applications of FL in IoUT, its challenges, open issues and indicates direction of future research prospects.

A pattern describes a frequently recurring problem and proposes a possible solution in terms of class/object organization that generally found to be effective in solving the problem itself. But how many design patterns exist? In the following figure, you will see a list of design patterns structured in a table according to their scope and purpose. In the following articles, we would go through the most common design patterns. A design pattern is defined by some fundamental properties that describe and facilitate its use.